Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates in the blood-forming tissues, primarily the bone marrow and lymphatic system. It leads to the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes), which impair the body’s ability to fight infections.

There are different types of leukemia, classified based on how quickly they progress and which blood cells are affected:

• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Rapidly progressing, common in children.
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Fast-growing, affects both children and adults.
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Slow-growing, usually in older adults.
• Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Gradual onset, may progress to a more aggressive stage if untreated.

Leukemia symptoms vary depending on the type and stage, but common signs include:

• Persistent fatigue and weakness
• Frequent infections or fever
• Easy bruising or bleeding (nosebleeds, bleeding gums, tiny red spots under skin)
• Swollen lymph nodes, especially in neck, armpits, or groin
• Unexplained weight loss
• Night sweats and chills
• Bone or joint pain
• Enlarged liver or spleen causing abdominal discomfort
• Pale skin due to anemia

Unlike solid tumors, leukemia does not form distinct stages. Instead, it is classified based on progression and cell type:

• Acute Leukemia: Rapid progression, requires immediate treatment.
• Chronic Leukemia: Develops slowly and may not cause symptoms for years.
• Subtypes (ALL, AML, CLL, CML): Defined by the specific blood cell affected.

Options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplant.

The exact cause of leukemia is not fully understood, but several factors increase risk:

• Genetic mutations: DNA changes in blood cells trigger abnormal growth.
• Family history: Having close relatives with leukemia increases risk.
• Radiation exposure: High-dose radiation from medical treatment or accidents.
• Previous chemotherapy: Certain cancer treatments may increase risk.
• Chemical exposure: Benzene and other industrial chemicals.
• Smoking: Linked especially to AML.
• Genetic disorders: Conditions like Down syndrome raise susceptibility.

While not all cases of leukemia can be prevented, some steps may reduce risk:

• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke.
• Minimize exposure to harmful chemicals like benzene.
• Limit unnecessary exposure to radiation.
• Maintain a strong immune system with a healthy diet and regular exercise.
• Get regular health check-ups if you have a family history of blood cancers.

Globally, leukemia accounts for 3% of all cancers.

• About 475,000 new cases are diagnosed worldwide each year.
• In India, leukemia represents approximately 4–5% of all cancer cases.
• It is one of the most common cancers in children, especially Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
• Advances in treatment have improved survival — the 5-year survival rate varies between 60–85% in children and 40–60% in adults, depending on the type.