Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer develops in the prostate gland, a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid. It is one of the most common cancers in men, especially in those above the age of 50.

Most prostate cancers grow slowly and may not cause major harm, but some can be aggressive and spread quickly to bones or other organs. Early detection through screening (PSA test or digital rectal exam) significantly improves treatment outcomes.

In the early stages, prostate cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. As it progresses, common signs include:

• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Weak or interrupted urine stream
• Pain or burning sensation during urination
• Blood in urine or semen
• Painful ejaculation
• Discomfort in the pelvic area
• Bone pain (in advanced stages)
• Erectile dysfunction

Prostate cancer staging helps determine treatment:

• Stage I: Cancer is confined to a small area of the prostate and is usually slow-growing.
• Stage II: Cancer is still within the prostate but may be larger or more aggressive.
• Stage III: Cancer has spread beyond the prostate to nearby tissues or seminal vesicles.
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread to lymph nodes, bones, or other distant organs.

Treatment options include active surveillance (for slow-growing cancers), surgery (prostatectomy), radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known, but several factors increase risk:

• Age: Risk rises sharply after age 50.
• Family history: Men with close relatives who had prostate cancer are at higher risk.
• Genetics: Inherited mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2.
• Race: More common and aggressive in African and Asian men.
• Diet: High intake of red meat and high-fat dairy.
• Obesity and lack of exercise.
• Hormonal imbalances.

While prostate cancer cannot always be prevented, certain steps may reduce risk:

• Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Limit consumption of red meat and processed foods.
• Maintain a healthy weight and stay physically active.
• Avoid smoking and reduce alcohol intake.
• Discuss regular PSA screenings with your doctor if you are over 50 or at high risk.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide.

• Globally, more than 1.4 million men are diagnosed each year.
• In India, prostate cancer accounts for about 3.7% of all cancers in men, with rising incidence in urban areas.
• The overall 5-year survival rate is over 95% when detected early, but drops significantly in advanced stages.