Uterus Cancer

Uterus cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, begins in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is one of the most common gynecological cancers in women.

While it is usually detected in its early stages due to abnormal vaginal bleeding, advanced cases can spread to other parts of the body such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, or rectum.

The most common and earliest sign of uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. Other symptoms include:

• Vaginal bleeding after menopause
• Bleeding between menstrual cycles (in premenopausal women)
• Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods after age 40
• Watery or blood-tinged vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Pain during intercourse
• Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite in later stages

Uterine cancer is classified into stages to understand its spread and guide treatment:

• Stage I: Cancer is confined to the uterus.
• Stage II: Cancer has spread from the uterus to the cervix but not outside the uterus.
• Stage III: Cancer has spread beyond the uterus to nearby pelvic tissues, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or lymph nodes.
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, or distant organs such as the lungs, liver, or bones.

Options may include surgery (hysterectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy depending on the stage.

The exact cause of uterine cancer is unknown, but several risk factors increase the chances:

• Age: Most cases occur in women over 50.
• Hormonal imbalance: Excess estrogen without enough progesterone increases risk.
• Obesity: Extra body fat can raise estrogen levels.
• Family history: Higher risk if close relatives have uterine, colon, or ovarian cancer.
• Inherited conditions: Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer).
• Reproductive history: Never being pregnant or early menstruation/late menopause.
• Diabetes and high blood pressure: Both are linked to increased risk.
• Radiation therapy: Prior radiation to the pelvis may contribute to risk.

While not all uterine cancers can be prevented, lifestyle changes and regular check-ups can reduce risk:

• Maintain a healthy body weight with a balanced diet and exercise.
• Manage conditions like diabetes and hypertension effectively.
• Use birth control pills (oral contraceptives) under medical guidance—they may reduce risk.
• Discuss hormone replacement therapy risks with your doctor before starting.
• Schedule regular gynecological check-ups, especially after menopause.
• Consider genetic counseling and regular screenings for women with family history of Lynch syndrome.

Uterine cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in developed countries.

• Globally, over 400,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.
• In India, uterine cancer accounts for around 7–8% of female cancers.
• Most cases are diagnosed in women aged 50–70 years.
• The 5-year survival rate for early-stage uterine cancer can be over 80–90%, but it drops significantly in advanced stages.