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Cervical Cancer Staging

Stage Sub-stage Description
Stage I IA Microscopic cancer (only visible under a microscope).
IA1 Invasion ≤3 mm in depth and ≤7 mm in width.
IA2 Invasion >3 mm but ≤5 mm in depth and ≤7 mm in width.
IB Larger cancer visible clinically or via imaging but still confined to the cervix.
IB1 Tumor ≤2 cm in size.
IB2 Tumor >2 cm but ≤4 cm.
IB3 Tumor >4 cm.
Stage II IIA Involvement of the upper two-thirds of the vagina without parametrial invasion.
IIA1 Tumor ≤4 cm.
IIA2 Tumor >4 cm.
IIB Invasion into the parametrium (the tissue surrounding the cervix).
Stage III IIIA Involves the lower third of the vagina, no extension to the pelvic wall.
IIIB Extension to the pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or non-functioning kidney.
IIIC Involvement of pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes.
Stage IV IVA Spread to adjacent pelvic organs (e.g., bladder, rectum).
IVB Distant metastases (e.g., lungs, liver).

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

Symptom Description
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
  • Bleeding between periods.
  • Post-menopausal bleeding.
  • Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods.
Pelvic Pain
  • Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).
  • Unexplained pelvic or lower abdominal pain.
Vaginal Discharge
  • Unusual discharge that may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor.
Painful Urination
  • Discomfort or pain during urination (dysuria), if the cancer spreads to the bladder.
Leg Pain or Swelling
  • Swelling or pain in one or both legs, if cancer spreads to pelvic lymph nodes.
Back Pain
  • Persistent back pain, particularly if the cancer spreads to surrounding tissues.
Weight Loss
  • Unexplained weight loss, which may occur as cancer progresses.
Fatigue
  • Persistent tiredness or feeling of weakness as the disease advances.
Kidney Problems
  • Difficulty urinating or changes in urination, especially if cancer affects kidneys (hydronephrosis).
Bowel Problems
  • Constipation or changes in bowel habits if cancer spreads to the rectum or surrounding areas.

Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

Risk Factor Reason
Unprotected Sex Increases the risk of HPV infection, as HPV is transmitted through sexual contact.
Multiple Sexual Partners Higher number of sexual partners increases the likelihood of exposure to HPV.
Early Sexual Activity Engaging in sexual activity at a young age increases the chance of HPV infection.
Weak Immune System Conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive treatments can make it harder to fight HPV infections.
Smoking Smoking weakens the immune system and is linked to increased HPV persistence and cervical cancer.
Long-term Use of Oral Contraceptives Using birth control pills for 5 or more years may increase the risk of cervical cancer.
Having Many Children Giving birth to multiple children may increase the risk, possibly due to hormonal changes or HPV exposure.
History of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Infections like chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis can increase the risk of cervical cancer.
Family History A family history of cervical cancer or other cancers can increase susceptibility to cervical cancer.
Lack of Regular Screening Not having regular Pap smears or HPV tests reduces the chances of detecting precancerous changes early.

Cervical Cancer Types and Treatment Options

Cervical Cancer Type Stage Treatment Options
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ)
  • Cryotherapy or laser ablation.
  • Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cone biopsy for fertility preservation.
  • Total hysterectomy for non-fertility cases.
Stage I (Confined to cervix)
  • IA1:
    • Cone biopsy for fertility preservation.
    • Total or radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy for non-fertility cases.
  • IA2:
    • Radical trachelectomy + pelvic lymph node dissection for fertility preservation.
    • Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy.
IB1 & IB2 (Tumor ≤4 cm)
  • Radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy.
  • Fertility-preserving radical trachelectomy (IB1).
  • Alternatively, chemoradiation.
IB3 (Tumor >4 cm)
  • Chemoradiation (platinum-based), followed by brachytherapy.
Stage II (Local spread beyond cervix)
  • IIA1 (Tumor ≤4 cm):
    • Radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy.
    • Chemoradiation as an alternative.
  • IIA2 & IIB:
    • Chemoradiation (external beam radiation + brachytherapy).
Stage III (Involves pelvic wall, lower third of vagina, or lymph nodes)
  • Chemoradiation (external beam radiation + brachytherapy).
  • Lymph node involvement (Stage IIIC): May require extended radiation fields.
Stage IV (Distant spread or bladder/rectum involvement)
  • IVA (Localized to bladder/rectum):
    • Chemoradiation.
  • IVB (Distant metastasis):
    • Systemic chemotherapy.
    • Palliative care for symptom management.
AdenocarcinomaStage 0 (Carcinoma in situ)
  • Cone biopsy or hysterectomy (depending on fertility considerations).
  • Laser ablation is less effective due to glandular involvement.
Stage I–IV
  • Same as SCC, but closer imaging (e.g., MRI, PET-CT) due to the higher likelihood of lymph node or distant metastasis.

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FAQs

What are all the treatment options for cancer?

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Common cancer treatment options include: Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Immunotherapy Targeted therapy

What to do after diagnosis of cancer?

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After receiving a cancer diagnosis, it's important to consult with an oncologist (cancer specialist) who will recommend a treatment plan based on the type, stage, and location of the cancer. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these.

What are the symptoms or signs of having cancer?

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Common signs and symptoms of cancer can include unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, lumps or masses, changes in bowel or bladder habits, persistent cough or hoarseness, and unexplained pain.

What is the cost of Radiation therapy?

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Radiation therapy costs can also vary depending on the type and duration of treatment. Call us at 1800 120 2676 to get a free cost estimation.

What are the chances of cancer recurrence?

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The risk of cancer recurrence depends on various factors including the type of cancer, stage at diagnosis, effectiveness of initial treatment, and individual patient characteristics. Regular follow-up care and surveillance are essential to monitor for recurrence.

What are the side effects of radiation therapy?

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Side effects of radiation therapy can include skin irritation or burns at the treatment site, fatigue, hair loss in the treatment area, and long-term effects such as tissue scarring or damage to nearby organs.

How long is each radiation therapy session?

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Each radiation therapy session usually lasts only a few minutes, but patients may require multiple sessions over several weeks.

Who is the best radiation oncologist in Hyderabad?

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Dr. Kirti Rajan Mohanty is considered one of the best radiation oncologists in all of Hyderabad, with more than 13 years of experience. He has won multiple awards, including the prestigious Vaidya Shiromani Award, for his dedication to the field of oncology.

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